The New York Times plays defense

How do you think the New York Times framed Ocasio-Cortez’s disastrous appearance at Munich?  In a masterpiece of framing they describe her as frustrated that the focus was not on her arguments, but (in the fourth paragraph of the article in Today’s Times) on her ‘on camera stumbles‘ described by the Times “as stalling for 20 seconds before offering a response that reflected the United States’ longtime policy of strategic ambiguity”.

Here is a direct quote of what she said (from yesterday’s Wall Street Journal).

“Um, you know, I think that, uh, this is such a, you know, I think that this is a, um, this of course a very long-standing, um, policy of the United States. Uh and I think what we are hoping for is that  we want to make sure that we never get to that point and we want to make sure that we are moving in all of our economic research and our global positions to avoid any such confrontation and for that question to even arise.”

This is dazzling incoherence.  Try to paraphrase it so it makes sense.  You likely won’t be able to because it doesn’t.

Far better to sugar coat what she said than just print it.  Space wasn’t a problem.  The article contained over 30 such paragraphs.

Could you paraphrase Ocazio ? Neither can I, and when, as a neurologist I had occasion to see schizophrenics, the only way to capture their speech was to transcribe it verbatim. It can’t be paraphrased, because it makes no sense, even though it’s reasonably grammatical.

The work ‘stumble’ takes me back to Hillary’s campaign of 2016 on a hot damy in Washington when she clearly nearly fainted.  In an impressive display of discipline the press described this as a ‘stumble’ and made it stick.   Here are 3 examples

“Like the Michigan poll I started out with, most of the latest campaign surveys were carried out during last weekend and earlier this week, when the news was dominated by Clinton’s stumble outside Ground Zero, which prompted the campaign to reveal that she had pneumonia.” John Cassiday New Yorker

“For Orient—and the many media organizations that have recently been circulating her work—Clinton’s stumble looked like proof that they were right.” Wired — https://www.wired.com/2016/09/rogue-doctors-spreading-right-wing-rumors-hillarys-health/?mbid=nl_92316_p7&CNDID=24850134

The Boston Globe had a similar echo of the meme that all Hillary did when leaving the 9/11 ceremony was stumble.

*******

More defense of the narrative.  There was a terrible shooting at a high school hockey game in Rhode Island occuring at 2:30 PM Monday. “A motive for the shooting was not known” said the police chief at a news conference later that afternoon.  By evening Monday it was obvious that the shooter was a transsexual who had shot his exWife and son.  It passeth understanding that the Times didn’t know this before press time.  They didn’t include it in Tuesday’s article. Nor was there any update Wednesday.  Guess why.

February 18, 2026 – 9:49 pm Categories: Social issues ( be civil ! ) | Post a comment

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The latest on Alzheimer’s — great data, poorly presented

Work reported this year from Norway (Nature vol. 650 pp. 182 – 186 ’26) has great data on the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic changes in the brain but it is quite likely to be misinterpreted and unnecessarily scare people who’ve had the test used to diagnose Alzheimer’s.

Alzheimer diagnosis has changed markedly over the years — initially autopsy, then CAT scans, the  MRIs, then  PET scans and now analysis of phosphorylated tau proteins in the blood.

To start at the beginning: Alois Alzheimer had a slowly dementing woman under 50 who died.  Her brain showed a lot of atrophy but more importantly there two changes seen on microscope slides — the senile plaque (amyloid plaque) and neurofibrillary tangles.   They look like nothing else https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid_plaques, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle.

Because the woman was under 50, Alzheimer called it presenile dementia.  Later many elderly demented patients were found to have plaques and tangles at autopsy, and it was found that just as gray hair under the microscope looks the same when from a 30 year old or a 90 year old so do senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.   Much more work has been done subsequently, and the chemistry of Alzheimer neuropathological changes (plaques and tangles) is identical at all ages.

CAT scans and MRIs can only show atrophy of the brain, plaques and tangles are way too small to show up.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scans) can ‘see’ plaques and tangles.  The resolution of a PET scan is much less than CAT scans or MRIs but it does the job.

The main component of the neurofibrillary tangle is the tau protein (which has been modified by adding phosphate groups to it, so it can no longer do its normal job of binding to proteins form long tubular structures in neurons e.g. microtubules).

This is what the Norwegians measured: tau protein with an added phosphate group at amino acid number 217 (pTau217).  They measured pTau217 in the blood not the brain.  They did not do PET scans to measure p217 in the brain (or neurofibrillary tangles). However it was found in a study of 786 patients that blood pTau217 did predict the results of PET scans which do measure tau protein (and by inference neurofibrillary tangles) — JAMA Neurology vol. 81 pp. 255 – 263 ’24.

 

We are thusly  separated (by a long and delicate chain of inferences) from actually visualizing the neuropathologic changes of Alzhimer’s at autopsy.  Don’t forget this.  I’d like to see the JAMA paper replicated.   At any rate an elevated pTau217 level in the blood is taken to mean increased neurofibrillary tangles in the brain (e.g. one of the two neuropathological changes of Alzheimer’s).

The work uses data from a prospective research study (Trondelag Health study < HUNT  study >) beginning in 1984 starting with 250,000 people. A new wave begins ever 10 years They used blood from 11,486 people over 58.  Immediately you notice one of the strengths of the study, more than 10 times as many people in it than the above JAMA study making its findings far more solid statistically.

Some 8,949 HUNT participants over 70 had cognitive testing (Impressive and far larger than other studies ! ! )

  1. 10% of 8,949 Norwegians over 70 had elevated pTau217 and dementia.  e.g. Alzheimer’s disease by study criteria

2.  10% of the 8.949 had mild cognitive impairment and elevated pTau217 in blood — called early Alzheimer’s

3.  10% of 8,949 over 70 had elevated pTau217 and no dementia.  Maybe they’ll develop it later, but it confirms what autopsy work over the last century has shown consistently.  There are plenty of people with all the neuropathological changes of Alzheimer’s and no dementia at all.  I had no idea the percentage was so high (and neither did anyone else).

There is much more in the paper, but it’s basically a distraction from the main point of this post.

A positive pTau217 test does not mean you have Alzheimer’s if you are not demented.

Sadly, a negative pTau217 test does not mean you aren’t demented (19% of demented patients in the study had normal pTau217 levels).  This actually makes sense, as there are many more causes of dementia than Alzheimer’s — stroke, trauma, alcoholism, severe diabetes, liver and kidney failure — the list is endless.

February 14, 2026 – 3:09 pm Categories: Neurology & Psychiatry, Uncategorized | Post a comment

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The bias of the unbiased — take II

I’ve published nearly 1,300 posts over the years, and each day WordPress tells me how many people looked at my blog Chemiotics II and which posts they looked at.  A post from the pre ChatGPT era was seen which is relevant to the upheavals of the press today, particularly CBS, so I’m doing something I’ve never done — republishing an old post.

While ‘possession is ninetenths of the law’ may or not be true, ‘perception is ninetenths of politics’ certainly is.   NPR was defunded because the right viewed it as biased, and Fox news certainly is.

But what if you’re so biased that you don’t realize it while writing a paper on bias ?

Here’s the old post from 22 April 2018.  Enjoy

The bias of the unbiased

A hilarious paper from Stanford shows the bias of the unbiased [ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. vol. 115 pp. E3635 – E3644 ’18 ].  No one wants to be considered biased or to use stereotypes, but this paper indicts all of us.  They use a technique called word embedding to look at a large body of printed material (Wikipedia, Google news articles etc. etc.) over the past 100 years, to look for word associations  -e.g. male trustworthy female submissive and the like. In word embedding models, each word in a given language is associated with a high dimensional vector (not clear to me how the dimensions are chosen) and the metric between the words is measured.  A metric is simply a mathematical device that takes two objects and associates a number with them.  The distance between cities is a good example.

 

The vector for France is close to vectors for Austria and Italy.  The difference between London and England (obtained by subtracting them) is parallel to the difference between to the difference between Paris and France.  This allows embeddings to capture analogy relationships such as London is to England as Paris is to France.

So word embeddings were used as a way to study gender and ethnic stereotypes in the 20th and 21st centuries in the USA.  Not only that but they plotted how the biases changed over time.

So in your mind the metric between bias == bad, stereotype == worse is clear

So just as women’s occupations have changed so have the descriptors of women.  Back in the day women, if they worked out of the home at all, were teachers or nurses.  A descendent of Jonathan Edwards (a dominant Congregational Minister of the 1700’s) was a grade school teacher in the town of my small rural high school.

As women moved into the wider workforce the descriptors of them changed.  The following is a pair of direct quotes from the article.”

“More importantly, these correlations are very similar over the decades, suggesting that the relationship between embedding bias score and “reality,” as measured by occupation participation, is consistent over time” ….”This consistency makes the interpretation of embedding bias more reliable; i.e., a given bias score corresponds to approximately the same percentage of the workforce in that occupation being women, regardless of the embedding decade.”

English translation:  As women’s percentage of workers in a given occupation changed the ‘bias score’ changed with it.

So what the authors describe and worse, define, as bias and stereotyping is actually an accurate perception of reality.  We’re all guilty.

The authors are following Humpty Dumpty in Alice in Wonderland  — ““When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.” “The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many different things.” “The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be master—that’s all.”

I find the paper hilarious and an example of the bias of the supposedly unbiased.

February 12, 2026 – 10:07 pm Categories: Philosophical issues raised, Social issues ( be civil ! ) | Post a comment

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Why you should go to Princeton if they accepted you

In a few months it will be 70 years since I entered Princeton as a freshman.  All alumni are asked to interview admission candidates and describe Princeton to them. I have nothing useful to tell applicants about the current situation at Princeton.  The campus ended at Pyne Hall back then and class size was just over seven hundred — both have doubled in size since 1956.

Alumni interviewers might still find what follows useful, assuming Princeton’s focus on the undergraduate hasn’t changed.  It would be helpful to show it to very high caliber candidates likely to be deciding on Princeton vs. other Ivies.  Feel free to share this with them or anyone else.

Back then Freshmen premeds took physics (not honors physics, not physics for poets).  The prof was a mild mannered man who wore a jacket and tie and could have been a shoe salesman, or so I thought until he brought in his friend and colleague Neils Bohr to speak to us.  Bohr was old and weak and had only a few years to live, but he sat in a chair and mumbled to us in what appeared to be Danish.  This fall it will be 70 years, but I can still see him. The physics prof was John Wheeler, he of the black hole and wormholes, teacher of Feynman etc.etc..  And this was why Princeton was such a great place for undergraduates.  They didn’t hide their best and made sure they taught undergraduates.  Hopefully it is the same now.

Similarly, the exposure to my undergraduate chemistry advisor Paul Schleyer Princeton ’52 was intense and formative.  Here’s what it was like — He was a marvelous undergraduate advisor, only 7 years out from his own Princeton degree when we first came in contact with him and a formidable physical and intellectual presence even then. His favorite opera recording, which he somehow found a way to get into the lab, was don Giovanni’s scream as he realized he was to descend into Hell. I never had the courage to ask him if the scars on his face were from dueling.

We’d work late in the lab, then go out for pizza. In later years, I ran into a few Merck chemists who found him a marvelous consultant. However, back in the 50’s, we’d be working late, and he’d make some crack about industrial chemists being at home while we were working, the high point of their day being mowing their lawn.

I’d say the intense interaction with faculty was typical back then, hopefully it is the same now.

So I switched to chemistry and in the fall of 1960, I was off to chemistry graduate school at Harvard (which Schleyer called Mecca).  The department was terrific and I personally interacted with 7 guys doing the work which would later win them the Nobel in Chemistry — Woodward, Corey, Lipscomb, Gilbert, Hoffman, Bloch and Karplus.  To my knowledge the only one teaching undergraduates was Konrad Bloch.  So who was teaching Harvard undergraduates — none other than yours truly 2 years further along in organic chemistry than they were spending 6 – 8 hours a week with them as a teaching assistant in orgo lab.  Compared to what I’d  received, I felt they were being cheated.

Hopefully things are the same at Princeton now.  They certainly were 10 years later.  Tony Zee ’66 friend and Physics Prof at UC Santa Barbara heard about a future physics Nobel in the monthly undergraduate physics major evening get together by the faculty member who did the work.

Luysii Princeton ‘60

January 17, 2026 – 11:53 am Categories: Chemistry (relatively pure), Social issues ( be civil ! ) | Post a comment

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Bari Weiss takes staff of 60 minutes back to journalism school

One son majored in journalism at the university of Minnesota.  Although he never wrote for a newspaper or TV, he found what he learned (focus on the important, be brief, be clear, get the facts straight) useful in whatever he did — MicroSoft, VH1, MTV, MFA at USC in animation, teaching it in Hong Kong and Taiwan, etc. etc.

So it was particularly interesting to read Bari Weiss’s reasoning as to why she cut a 60 minutes program 2 days ago.  Basically she listed the reasons the program was journalistically incompetent and effectively sent its creators back to journalism school.  Here is an exact copy of what she wrote to them. My comments  are interspersed in bold

“Hi all,

I’m writing with specific guidance on what I’d like for us to do to advance the CECOT story  (About the horrific prison conditions in San Salvidor the US sent Venezuelans). I know you’d all like to see this run as soon as possible; I feel the same way. But if we run the piece as is, we’d be doing our viewers a disservice.

  • Last month many outlets, most notably The New York Times, exposed the horrific conditions at CECOT. Our story presents more of these powerful testimonies—and putting those accounts into the public record is valuable in and of itself. But if we’re going to run another story about a topic that has by now been much-covered we need to advance it (you’re beating a dead horse and adding nothing new). Among the ways to do so: does anyone in the administration or anyone prominent who defended the use of the Alien Enemies Act now regret it in light of what these Venezuelans endured at CECOT? That’s a question I’d like to see asked and answered (here’s one thing you should have done but didn’t do).
  •  At present, we do not present the administration’s argument for why it sent 252 Venezuelans to CECOT (did you ask, or did you decide it was beneath contempt). What we have is Karoline Leavitt’s soundbite claiming they are evildoers in America (rapists, murderers, etc.). But isn’t there much more to ask in light of the torture that we are revealing? Tom Homan and Stephen Miller don’t tend to be shy. I realize we’ve emailed the DHS spox, but we need to push much harder to get these principals on the record.
  • The data we present paints an incongruent picture. Of the 252 Venezuelans sent to CECOT, we say nearly half have no criminal histories (an example of antiAdministration framing which is why few believe 60 minutes and the legacy press in general). In other words, more than half do have criminal histories. We should spend a beat explaining this (why didn’t you?) . We then say that only 8 of the 252 have been sentenced in America for violent offenses. But what about charged? My point is that we should include as much as we can possibly know and understand about these individuals.
  • Secretary Noem’s trip to CECOT. We report that she took pictures and video there with MS-13 gang members, not TdA members, with no comment from her or her staff about what her goal on that trip was, or what she saw there, or if she had or has concerns about the treatment of detainees like the ones in our piece. (You didn’t even ask hard questions to Noem or the administration) I also think that the ensuing analysis from the Berkeley students is strange. The pictures are alarming; we should include them. But what does the analysis add?
  • We need to do a better job of explaining the legal rationale by which the administration detained and deported these 252 Venezuelans to CECOT. It’s not as simple as Trump invoking the Alien Enemies Act and being able to deport them immediately. And that isn’t the administration’s argument. The admin has argued in court that detainees are due “judicial review”—and we should explain this, with a voice arguing that Trump is exceeding his authority under the relevant statute, and another arguing that he’s operating within the bounds of his authority (again something you should have reported on but didn’t). There’s a genuine debate here. If we cut down Kristi Noem analysis we’d have the time.

My general view here is that we do our viewers the best service by presenting them with the full context they need to assess the story. In other words, I believe we need to do more reporting here.

I am eager and available to help. I tracked down cell numbers for Homan and Miller and sent those along. Please let me know how I can support you (even though you belong back in journalism school).

Yours,

Ba”

I’ve never liked 60 minutes, and purely for medical reasons.  Back when I was a practicing clinical neurologist ’72 – ’00, they were a fount of medical misinformation.  I spent a fair of time cleaning up after the elephants.  Particularly loathsome was the time they argued that mercury in fillings caused multiple sclerosis.  They said it once.  It took me multiple one on ones with my frightened MS patients to try to clear things up.

December 23, 2025 – 3:38 pm Categories: Social issues ( be civil ! ) | Post a comment

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The New York Times is still sitting shiva for DEI

On page 1 of the New York Times for 13 December ’25 appears the following “University of Texas Is Brought To Heel by Conservative Critics”.  To which I say Mazel Tov.

Here is how UT treated Steven Weinberg, one of the giants of 20th century  physics.

“Steve also once told me that, when he (like other UT faculty) was required to write a statement about what he would do to advance Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, he submitted just a single sentence: “I will seek the best candidates, without regard to race or sex.” I remarked that he might be one of the only academics who could get away with that.”

This from a blog of Scott Aaronson who taught at UT with Weinberg https://scottaaronson.blog/?p=5566.

That the intellectual Lilliputians of DEI would have the chuzpah to think they had the right to require him to write a statement like that shows how entrenched DEI was back then.

December 13, 2025 – 9:44 pm Categories: Social issues ( be civil ! ) | Comments (1)

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The New York Times unintentionally resurrects an old Jewish Joke

First the joke, then its resurrection by the Times.

Back in the day when people read magazines, a gifted writer, Morris Paranoidowitz drove his editor crazy.   “Morris, Morris, give it a rest.  All you do is write about Jews and their troubles.  Surely you can write about something else.  Why don’t you write about Elephants?

Morris thought a bit, and a few weeks later over the transom came his manuscript “The Elephant and the Jewish Problem.”

Now for the resurrection

Two days ago in the Times opinion section appeared “The Thrill of the Heist”

It starts off reasonably enough “Every once in a while a story comes along formed by a perfect synergy of comprehensible crime and real-time intrigue” ….

Paragraph #2 starts off —  “There’s been a panoply of reactions to this incident.” . . .

Paragraph #3  is unexceptionable “Americans have a longstanding emotional connection with France” . . . and contains the word frisson showing the author took French 101

Paragraphs 4 and 5 are similarly on topic.

The sound of elephants charging across the veldt is heard in paragraph #6 (quoted in full)

“In some ways it’s a relief to read about quantifiable damage.  Devastating as the situation may be, it’s a release valve from the America we’re living in.  We’re daily being robbed in unwieldy ways as our cultural values are demonstrably diminished.  It’s hard to comprehend the full extent of the plundering the Trump administration is doing in plain sight: the endless conflicts of interest; the gleeful dismantling of the federal government.”

Morris lives ! !

Masochists can look up the article for 11 more paragraphs in the same vein.

Addendum: 26 October:  The NYT continues to show how depressed its staff is (and presumably its readership).  Here are some of the choices for the Sunday book review

l. Paper Girl:  A memoir of home and family in a fractured America.  The decline and fall of an Ohio town due to industrial closure.  Trump is mentioned but only for his attacks on transgender people.  The reviewer didn’t note that Trump won Ohio in part for trying to reverse industrial decline

2. 1929 Inside the greatest Crash in Wall Street history:  You’ve got to find something financially bad to put in the book review on a week when the stock market hit an all time high

3. McNamara at war:  reaching back 50+ years to wallow in a US military defeat

4. Goliath’s Curse: The History and Future of Societal Collapse  — I thought only religious cranks talked about end times.

These are half the nonFiction books the Times chose to review today.

You can call this mood syntonic/mood congruent if you want to impress, or just say the more informative “misery loves company”

 

October 25, 2025 – 5:20 pm Categories: Social issues ( be civil ! ) | Post a comment

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The dementia that wasn’t there

You don’t need a license to think.  That’s what’s so much fun about reading the scientific literature (Nature, Science, PNAS etc. etc.) and, even in this case, the New York Times.   You’re seeing fresh data that nobody except the authors has had their hands on.

An article in the Times 6 October ’25 even asks for your help.   It concerns Douglas Whitney, a 76 year old man who should be demented but isn’t.  He has one of three mutations (presenilin 2) known to cause Alzheimer’s disease.  His mother and 9 of her 13 siblings died young of Alzheimer’s.

Mr. Whitney made it to his 60s with no dementia and assumed he was free of the mutation, but a family member writing a book about Alzheimer’s asked him to  get checked.

He had the mutation. The docs tested for the mutation twice more because they didn’t believe it.

He is now 76 and doing well.   He has been studied out the gazoo, and a few things have turned up.  His brain is full of amyloid, the major component of the senile plaque of Alzheimer’s, more than those of his family members dying of it, probably because he has lived so long.  This is further evidence against the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s on which Billions of research and big Pharma dollars have been spent, with little of clinical use to the Alzheimer’s patient.

Clearly, finding out why Mr. Whitney isn’t demented will tell us tons about Alzheimer’s and, even better, probably suggest ways to treat it.

One of the researchers studying Whitney is quoted as saying “Hey, here’s a really important person, a really important case, and you need to help figure this out.”

Well, here’s my two cents based on the NYT story (I haven’t read the paper about him, and have no idea where to find it).

They mention that Mr. Whitney was in the Navy for two decades working for 10 years in the engine room of a steam propelled ship, where he was exposed to 110 Farhrenheit heat for 4 hours.   One of the zillion things they tested him for were heat shock proteins, something that goes all the way back to bacteria, to prevent the increased molecular motion (that heat actually is) from disturbing the delicate 3 dimensional structure of proteins.

It’s time to look at other Navy men with similar heat exposure and find out what the incidence of Alzheimer’s is in that population.  It’s also time to mine the United Kingdom biobank for people who take saunas (assuming they asked such a question), and see if they, in some way, have less Alzheimer’s disease.  Is the incidence of Alzheimer’s lower in northern populations where saunas are popular?   When I practiced in Montana I heard about ‘sweat houses’ that the Indians used, which sounds quite similar to saunas.

Here are a few of my notes on the the UK biobank.   It grows more impressive with each passing year.

      [ Nature vol. 562 pp.  163 -164, 194 – 195, 203 – 209, 210 – 216 ’18 ]  The UK biobank is based on 500,000 volunteers enrolled at ages 40 – 69.  All will be followed for over 30 years.  Blood and urine samples were obtained as well as a questionnaire about life style.  Initial enrollment took place from 2006 – 2010.  94% had European ancestry.

        [ Science vol. 382 pp. 980 ’23 ] The UK biobank just release the WHOLE genome sequences of 500,000 people.  Funding was from UK government, Wellcome, Amgen, AstraZeneca GSK and Johnson & Johnson. 

        BY 2010 the UK biobank had a prospective cohort of 500,000 people age 40 – 69 at recruitment (all of whom donated urine, saliva and blood in addition to filling out questionnaires, and consented access to their electronic health records).  Thanks to this the NHS will grow the 100,000 genomes project to sequence the genomes of 1,000,000 people through the NHS and the UK Biobank. 

      The only thing wrong is that these people are volunteers, hence atypical. <  [ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. vol. 119 e2203327119 ’22 ] — the inclination to participate in the UK BIobank is associated with educational attainment, BMI and participation in a dietary study. >  The All of Us Cohort study in the USA is trying targeted recruitment.

It’s time to look at the data we already have from the sauna angle.

As Mark Twain said ” There is something fascinating about science. One gets such wholesale returns of conjecture out of such a trifling investment of fact.”

 

 

 

October 15, 2025 – 9:24 pm Categories: Molecular Biology, Neurology & Psychiatry, Philosophical issues raised | Comments (1)

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How you know the New York Times is in trouble

When things aren’t going well for them, the New York Times trots out that reliable old villain, Richard Nixon.  And who better to do it than  legal analyst and reformed masturbator Jeffrey Toobin.  See “We’re in a Worst Place Then We Were Under Nixon” in Sunday’s NYT Opinion section 12 October 2025.  He’s a moral beacon for us all.

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jeffrey-toobin-masturbation-disaster_n_64534da4e4b04616030ff32f

Addendum 12 October: From a good friend I choose to keep anonymous:

“We do seem to be in a worse place than Nixon since the vast majority of people disapproved of what he did. I don’t care much about Toobin one way or another, although his book on the Supreme Court is worth reading.”

If Toobin (or Hitler) says 2 + 2 = 4, I’ll buy it, but I won’t buy moral judgements from either. Nonetheless your distinction between Watergate times in the early 70s and the present is quite valid (having lived through both)

October 12, 2025 – 3:44 pm Categories: Social issues ( be civil ! ) | Comments (1)

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